Fig. 4

Extreme temperature microbiota enhances the tolerance to extreme temperatures. (a) The rectal temperature changes of RT and Cold microbiota-transplanted mice after 4 and 8 h of cold stress. n = 7. (b) Changes in temperature change of RT and Cold microbiota-transplanted mice after 4 and 8 h of heat stress compared to initial as in (a). (c) The rectal temperature change of RT and Heat microbiota-transplanted mice after 4 and 8 h of heat stress. n = 5–7. (d) Changes in temperature change of RT and Heat microbiota-transplanted mice after 4 and 8 h of heat stress compared to initial as in (c). (e) Changes in body weight of mice transplanted with RT-, Cold- and Heat-microbiota. n = 5–7. (f) Cell size profiling of adipocytes from ingSAT after 60 days of RT, Cold and Heat microbiota-transplanted mice. The values show % from the total number of analyzed cells. The blue is at cold exposure (-5°C), and the red is at heat exposure (35°C). All values show mean ± SEM. Significance was calculated using non-paired two-tailed Student’s t test. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001