Fig. 1

Comparison of TB patients’ intestinal bacterial diversity and composition versus healthy controls. (a) Simpson index and Chao 1 index represent the alpha diversity (Mann-Whitney U test). (b) The beta diversity was assessed using PCoA, which is based on Unweighted unifrac distance. ANOSIM was used to analyze the differences in the bacterial community between the TB group and the HC group. Comparisons of the relative abundances of intestinal bacteria between the TB and HC groups were conducted at the phylum (c) and genus (d) levels (Wilcoxon Rank Sum test). The LEfSe analysis (e) identified the differentially abundant taxa between the TB patients and HC (LDA > 4, P < 0.05). The taxa enriched in the HC were characterized by a positive LDA score (red), and the TB-enriched taxa were indicated with a negative LDA score (blue). The circular cladogram (f) is a taxonomic diagram showing the taxonomic hierarchy of the signified species in patients with TB and HC by LEfSe. TB: tuberculosis; HC: healthy control. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001