Fig. 5

Comparison of microbial composition and diversity in different clinical samples. a The microbial composition of 46 individual donors is shown, with only the top 20 microbial genera with the highest abundance displayed. b The alpha diversity of OP microbiota from patients with mild and severe symptoms and BALF in critically ill patients was calculated according to the genus-level Chao1 index, observed OTUs, Shannon index, and Simpson index. Paired t-tests were used to compare the differences between groups. c Beta diversity of OP microbiota from patients with mild and severe symptoms and BALF in critically ill patients. Differences between groups were tested by PERMANOVA. d LEfSe identifies microbial markers in the three clinical subgroups with a linear LDA score greater than 4 considered a biomarker. e The pie chart displays the number of oropharyngeal swab samples with detected resistance genes relative to the total number of samples