Table 1 Demographic characteristics and sperm parameters for participants

Age (years) ^a

31.55 ± 4.25

30.75 ± 4.04

0.570

Weight (kg) ^a

73.58 ± 6.70

74.50 ± 7.33

0.696

Height (m) ^a

1.76 ± 0.04

1.76 ± 0.07

0.810

BMI (kg/m²) ^a

23.76 ± 2.10

23.95 ± 2.24

0.794

Smoking habits (n, %) ^b

 ≥ 5 cigarettes/day

24 (40%)

16 (33.3%)

0.476

Alcohol consumption (n, %) ^b

 ≥ 2 times/week

28 (46.7%)

26 (54.2%)

0.439

Tea consumption (n, %) ^b

 ≥ 3 times/week

12 (20%)

12 (25%)

0.535

Coffee consumption (n, %) ^b

 ≥ 3 times/week

18 (30%)

15 (31.3%)

0.889

Egg consumption (n, %) ^b

 ≥ 5 times/week

54 (90%)

45 (93.8%)

0.728

Soy or dairy consumption (n, %) ^b

 ≥ 5 times/week

51 (85%)

39 (81.3%)

0.603

Meat consumption (n, %) ^b

 ≥ 100 g/day

15 (25%)

18 (37.5%)

0.161

Vegetable consumption (n, %) ^b

 ≥ 5 times/week

45 (75%)

42 (87.5%)

0.103

Physical exercise (n, %) ^b

 ≥ 2 times/week

35 (58.3%)

25 (52.1%)

0.516

Semen volume (mL) ^c

3.04 (2.71–5.15)

3.18 (2.25–4.86)

0.718

Total sperm count (million) ^c

210.65 (108.82–382.2)

281.00 (189.36-394.39)

0.200

Sperm concentration (million/mL) ^c

57.87 (28.77–87.93)

96.77 (48.72-137.81)

0.109

Total sperm mobility (%) ^c

30.70 (23.25–34.38)

59.00 (43.44–63.73)

< 0.001

Sperm progressive mobility (%) ^c

21.22 (14.58–26.01)

54.81 (40.17–61.39)

< 0.001