Fig. 4

(A) Variation in the multi-functionality index in the C. camphora coppice planting. Significant differences were found after multiple comparison tests after the Kruskal–Wallis analysis (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01). (B) Random Forest mean predictor importance of microbial taxa for multifunctionality in the C. camphora coppice planting. Percentage increases in the MSE (mean squared error) of variables were used to estimate the importance of these predictors, and higher MSE% values implied more important predictors. The boxplot showed differences between core taxa (“Core”) and other non-core taxa (“Others”; ***p < 0.001; Wilcoxon rank-sum test). Note: AL, abandoned land; RZ, root zone; and TZ, transition zone