Fig. 5

Bacterial co-occurrence networks in frog habitat soils: Network diagrams are generated for AS(a), NS(b), and SS(c) based on correlation analysis. Connections represent strong (Spearman’s P > 0.9) and significant (P value < 0.01) correlations for different habitat soils. Node names denote taxa at the bacterial genus level, with node size proportional to the number of links (degree) and colored by bacterial phyla. Networks consist of closely related bacterial modules to identify keystone taxa (module hubs), with node size proportional to relative abundance. Purple edges indicate positive interactions, while green edges signify negative interactions