Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study participants by smoking status
Characteristics | Non-smoker (N = 476) | Smoker (N = 111) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex (Male) | 85 (18%) | 111 (100%) | < 0.001 |
Age (Years) | 49 (35, 56) | 53 (38, 59) | 0.006 |
BMI (kg/m2) | Â | Â | 0.007 |
 Normal (< 24) | 197 (41%) | 31 (28%) |  |
 Obesity (24 ~ 28) | 88 (18%) | 33 (30%) |  |
 Overweight (> 28) | 191 (40%) | 47 (42%) |  |
Education level |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Junior or below | 205 (43%) | 43 (39%) |  |
 Secondary | 166 (35%) | 58 (52%) |  |
 University or above | 105 (22%) | 10 (9.0%) |  |
Personnel annual income (CNY) |  |  | < 0.001 |
 < 15,000 | 164 (39%) | 18 (18%) |  |
 15,000 ~ 30,000 | 89 (21%) | 30 (29%) |  |
 30,000 ~ 50,000 | 113 (27%) | 26 (25%) |  |
 ≥ 50,000 | 59 (14%) | 28 (27%) |  |
Alcohol drinking (Yes) | 31 (6.5%) | 49 (44%) | < 0.001 |
Tea drinking (Yes) | 67 (14%) | 44 (40%) | < 0.001 |
Eat before bed | Â | Â | 0.058 |
 Never | 292 (61%) | 78 (70%) |  |
 Only liquid | 129 (27%) | 18 (16%) |  |
 Some food | 55 (12%) | 15 (14%) |  |
Daily tooth brushing frequency |  |  | < 0.001 |
 < Once | 16 (3.4%) | 12 (11%) |  |
 Once | 236 (50%) | 61 (55%) |  |
 > Once | 224 (47%) | 38 (34%) |  |
Average tooth brushing time | Â | Â | 0.3 |
 < 3 min | 261 (55%) | 65 (61%) |  |
 ≥ 3 min | 210 (45%) | 42 (39%) |  |
Regular oral health screening (Yes) | 57 (12%) | 17 (16%) | 0.3 |
Chronic disease history (Yes) | 147 (31%) | 41 (37%) | 0.2 |
Surgical history (Yes) | 205 (43%) | 44 (40%) | 0.5 |
Antibiotic (Yes) | 84 (18%) | 15 (14%) | 0.3 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.34 (0.85, 1.94) | 1.73 (1.12, 2.45) | < 0.001 |
CHOL (mmol/L) | 4.56 (4.00, 5.13) | 4.35 (3.94, 4.93) | 0.046 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.20 (1.07, 1.38) | 1.06 (0.91, 1.19) | < 0.001 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.33 (1.79, 2.82) | 2.15 (1.72, 2.54) | 0.017 |
GLU (mmol/L) | 5.10 (4.74, 5.53) | 5.13 (4.78, 5.51) | 0.5 |
CRP (mg/L) | 1.04 (0.82, 1.47) | 1.12 (0.93, 1.52) | 0.033 |