Fig. 5

Invasive and pharmacological medical treatments influence the oral microbiota after stroke. The duration of pneumonia (A), duration of antibiotic therapy (B), duration of invasive airway management (C) and ICU length of stay (D) were negatively associated with the Shannon index. PCoA results of multidimensional data are shown to display changes in microbial communities according to major variables in SAP: pneumonia progression (E), duration of antibiotic therapy (F), invasive airway management length of use (G), ICU length of stay (H), enteral tube feeding (I) and oral hygiene care (J). The x- and y-axes represent the two most informative PCs of the PCoA, and marginal boxplots describe the distribution of those values for the different groups. Color legends represent the respective variables under analysis. The number refers to the number of days in E, F, G, and H. The results of the PERMANOVA to compare dissimilarity indexes among samples are shown on top of plots accordingly. PCs principal coordinates; PERMANOVA permutation-based test