Table 1 Primers used to detect antimicrobial-resistance genes

β-lactamase

bla _TEM

F: 5′- ATAAAATTCTTGAAGACGAAA − 3′

Ahmed et al., 2007 [18]

R: 5′- GACAGTTACCAATGCTTAATC − 3′

bla _SHV

F: 5′- TTATCTCCCTGTTAGCCACC − 3′

Ahmed et al., 2007 [18]

R: 5′- GATTTGCTGATTTCGCTCGG − 3′

bla _PSE

F: 5′- TAGGTGTTTCCGTTCTTG-3′

Puah et al., 2012 [19]

R: 5′- TCATTTCGCTCTTCCATT-3′

bla _OXA

F: 5′- TCAACTTTCAAGATCGCA-3′

Ahmed et al., 2007 [18]

R: 5′- GTGTGTTTAGAATGGTGA-3′

bla _CMY-2

F: 5′- ACGGAACTGATTTCATGATG − 3′

Ahmed et al., 2007 [18]

R: 5′- GAAAGGAGGCCCAATATCCT −3′

bla _CTX-M

F: 5′- CGCTTTGCGATGTGCAG-3′

Ahmed et al., 2007 [18]

R: 5′- ACCGCGATATCGTTGGT-3′

Quinolone

qnrA

F: 5′- ATTTCTCACGCCAGGATTTG-3′

Ahmed et al., 2007 [18]

R: 5′- GATCGGCAAAGGTCAGGTCA-3′

qnrB

F: 5′- GATCGTGAAAGCCAGAAAGG-3′

Ahmed et al., 2007 [18]

R: 5′- ACGATGCCTGGTAGTTGTCC-3′

qnrC

F: 5′- GGTTGTACATTTATTGAATC-3′

Ahmed et al., 2007 [18]

R: 5′- TCCACTTTACGAGGTTCT −3′

qnrD

F: 5′- AGATCAATTTACGGGGAATA-3′

Ahmed et al., 2007 [18]

R: 5′- AACAAGCTGAAGCGCCTG − 3′

qnrS

F: 5′- ACGACATTCGTCAACTGCAA-3′

Ahmed et al., 2007 [18]

R: 5′- TAAATTGGCACCCTGTAGGC-3′

oqxA

F: 5′- GATCAGTCAGTGGGATAGTTT-3′

Liao et al., 2015 [20]

R: 5′- TACTCGGCGTTAACTGATTA-3′

aac(6′)-Ib-cr

F: 5′- TTGCGATGCTCTATGAGTGGCTA − 3′

Ahmed et al., 2007 [18]

R: 5′- CTCGAATGCCTGGCGTGTTT − 3′

Aminoglycosides

aaC1

F: ACCTACTCCCAACATCAGCC-3′

Navajas-Benito et al., 2016 [21]

R: ATATAGATCTCACTACGCGC-3′

aaC2

F:ACTGTGATGGGATACGCGTC-3′

Navajas-Benito et al., 2016 [21]

R: CTCCGTCAGCGTTTCAGCTA-3′

aaC3

F: CACAAGAACGTGGTCCGCTA-3′

Navajas-Benito et al., 2016 [21]

R: AACAGGTAAGCATCCGCATC-3′

aaC4

F: CTTCAGGATGGCAAGTTGGT-3′

Navajas-Benito et al., 2016 [21]

R: TCATCTCGTTCTCCGCTCAT-3′

Ant(2′)

F: ATGTTACGCAGCAGGGCAGTCG-3′

Navajas-Benito et al., 2016 [21]

R: CGTCAGATCAATATCATCGTGC-3′

Tetracycline

tetA

F: 5′- GCGCCTTTCCTTTGGGTTCT-3′

Navajas-Benito et al., 2016 [21]

R: 5′- CCACCCGTTCCACGTTGTTA-3′

tetB

F: 5′- CATTAATAGGCGCATCGCTG-3′

Navajas-Benito et al., 2016 [21]

R: 5′- TGAAGGTCATCGATAGCAGG-3′

Sulfonamides

sul1

F: 5′- CTTCGATGAGAGCCGGCGGC-3′

Aarestrup et al., 2003 [22]

R: 5′- GCAAGGCGGAAACCCGCGCC-3′

sul2

F: 5′- GCGCTCAAGGCAGATGGCATT-3′

Aarestrup et al., 2003 [22]

R: 5′- GCGTTTGATACCGGCACCCGT-3′

sul3

F: 5′- AGATGTGATTGATTTGGGAGC-3′

Zhang et al., 2009 [23]

R: 5′- TAGTTGTTTCTGGATTAGAGCCT-3′

Chloramphenicol

cmlA

F: 5′- TGTCATTTACGGCATACTCG-3′

Guerra et al., 2001 [24]

R: 5′- ATCAGGCATCCCATTCCCAT-3′

stcM

F: 5′- CACGTTGAGCCTCTATATGG-3′

Guerra et al., 2001 [24]

R: 5′- ATGCAGAAGTAGAACGCGAC-3′