From: Characterization and in vitro properties of oral lactobacilli in breastfed infants
Breastfed (n=43) | Standard formula (n=43) | MFGM formula (n=47) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (boys/girls)1 | 18/25 | 23/20 | 25/22 | 0.216 |
Vaginal delivery (% yes)1 | 95.3 | 88.4 | 83.0 | 0.095 |
Weight (gram)2 | ||||
At birth | 3,610 (3,492-3,728) | 3,481 (3,332-3,630) | 3,552 (3,444-3,660) | 0.352 |
At 4 months of age | 6,742 (6,548-6,935) | 6,850 (6,575-7,126) | 6,859 (6,670-7,049) | 0.704 |
Length (cm)2 | ||||
At birth | 50.5 (50.0-51.1) | 50.3 (49.7-50.9) | 50.6 (50.0-51.1) | 0.739 |
At 4 months of age | 63.9 (63.3-64.5) | 63.7 (62.9-64.6) | 64.3 (63.7-64.9) | 0.522 |
CFU lactobacilli/mL of saliva (log10)3 | 1.22 (0.20)a,b | 0.15 (0.19)a | 0.28 (0.19)b | <0.001 |
% (n) with lactobacilli cultured in saliva1 | ||||
Among all infants (n=127) | 34.1% (14)a,b | 4.7% (2)a | 9.3% (4)b | <0.001 |
Among infants who never had antibiotics or probiotics (n=106) | 33.3% (10)a,b | 5.6% (2)a | 11.8% (4)b | 0.006 |
Among vaginally delivered infants (n=118) | 35.9% (14)a,b | 2.6% (1)a | 8.3% (3)b | <0.001 |
% (n) infants with salivary isolates of L. gasseri1 | 29.3% (12)a,b | 2.4% (1)a | 7.0% (3)b | <0.001 |
L. gasseri by qPCR (pg/μL in mucosal swab samples)4 | 2.14 (0.74)a | 0.31 (0.70)a | 0.74 (0.68) | 0.0974 |