Analysis for prevalence and physical linkages amongst integrons, ISEcp1, ISCR1, Tn21 and Tn7 encountered in Escherichia coli strains from hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients in Kenya during a 19-year period (1992–2011)

Table 2 Distribution of isolates exhibiting combined resistance to selected antimicrobials

	Total isolates exhibiting a given phenotype	Stool	Urine	Blood	Inpatient	Outpatient
SUL, TRIM, CIP + CN + FEP + FOX + TZP and aminoglycosides ^a	106	30 (28)	57 (54)	19 (18)	87 (82)	19 (18)
F + SUL + TRIM + TET + C^b	451	121 (27)	233 (52)	97 (22)	322 (71)	129 (29)
AMC + AMS^c	411	125 (30)	218 (53)	68 (17)	255 (62)	156 (38)
AMS + AMC + TZP^c	291	87 (30)	172 (59)	32 (11)	194 (67)	97 (33)
ESBL strains	272	95 (35)	133 (49)	44 (16)	188 (69)	84 (31)
Isolates with an AmpC-like phenotype	122	38 (31)	72 (59)	12 (10)	93 (76)	29 (24)

Distribution of strains resistant to different combinations of antimicrobials among different specimen-types obtained from inpatient and outpatients. CIP: ciprofloxacin, CN: gentamicin, FEP: cefepime, FOX: cefoxitin, TET: tetracyclines, TZP: piperacillin-tazobactam, F: nitrofurantoin, SUL: sulfamethoxazole, TRIM: Trimethoprim, C: chloramphenicol, AMC: amoxicillin-clavulanic, AMS: ampicillin-sulbactam.
ESBL strains are susceptible to AMC and cephamycins but resistant to various combinations of cephalosporins while isolates with an AmpC-like phenotype are resistant to cephalosporins and cephamycins.
a: Isolates were resistant to at least one aminoglycoside.
b: These antimicrobials are relatively cheap and are readily available in developing countries.
c: Combinations of β-lactamase inhibitors that may be used to treat infections caused by strains that are resistant to β-lactams.

ISSN: 1471-2180