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  1. The boundaries of bacterial species and the mechanisms underlying bacterial speciation are matters of intense debate. Theoretical studies have shown that recombination acts as a strong cohesive force preventin...

    Authors: Margarida Carrolo, Francisco R Pinto, Jose Melo-Cristino and Mario Ramirez
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:191
  2. Though important in the context of food microbiology and as potential pathogens in immuno-compromised humans, bacterial isolates belonging to the genus Pediococcus are best known for their association with contam...

    Authors: Monique Haakensen, David M Vickers and Barry Ziola
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:190
  3. Heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA) bacteremia is an emerging infection. Our objective was to determine the molecular features of hVISA strains isolated from bacteremic patients an...

    Authors: Yasmin Maor, Levona Lago, Amir Zlotkin, Yeshayahu Nitzan, Natasha Belausov, Debby Ben-David, Nathan Keller and Galia Rahav
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:189
  4. The outer membrane protein M35 is a conserved porin of type 1 strains of the respiratory pathogen Moraxella catarrhalis. It was previously shown that M35 is involved in the uptake of essential nutrients required ...

    Authors: Marion Jetter, Nadja Heiniger, Violeta Spaniol, Rolf Troller, André Schaller and Christoph Aebi
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:188
  5. The worldwide appearance of drug-resistant strains of H. pylori motivates a search for new agents with therapeutic potential against this family of bacteria that colonizes the stomach, and is associated with aden...

    Authors: Katarzyna Leszczyńska, Andrzej Namiot, David E Fein, Qi Wen, Zbigniew Namiot, Paul B Savage, Scott Diamond, Paul A Janmey and Robert Bucki
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:187
  6. The Ada-dependent adaptive response system in Escherichia coli is important for increasing resistance to alkylation damage. However, the global transcriptional and translational changes during this response have ...

    Authors: Jong Hwan Baek, Mee-Jung Han, Sang Yup Lee and Jong-Shin Yoo
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:186
  7. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen associated with periodontal disease. We have previously reported on whole-cell quantitative proteomic analyses to investigate the differential ex...

    Authors: Erik L Hendrickson, Qiangwei Xia, Tiansong Wang, Richard J Lamont and Murray Hackett
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:185
  8. The oomycete Aphanomyces astaci is regarded as the causative agent of crayfish plague and represents an evident hazard for European crayfish species. Native crayfish populations infected with this pathogen suffer...

    Authors: Gerald Hochwimmer, Reinhard Tober, Renè Bibars-Reiter, Elisabeth Licek and Ralf Steinborn
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:184
  9. Debaryomyces hansenii is one of the most salt tolerant species of yeast and has become a model organism for the study of tolerance mechanisms against salinity. The goal of this study was to identify key upregulat...

    Authors: Hsiu-fung Chao, Yung-fu Yen and Maurice SB Ku
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:182
  10. Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum is a phytopathogenic enterobacterium responsible for soft rot, a disease characterized by extensive maceration of the affected plant tissue. This species also produce...

    Authors: Yung-chieh Chan, Huang-Pin Wu and Duen-yau Chuang
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:181
  11. Although bacteria are implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), mechanisms of intestinal injury and immune activation remain unclear. Identification of adherent-invasive Escheri...

    Authors: Eytan Wine, Juan C Ossa, Scott D Gray-Owen and Philip M Sherman
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:180
  12. Pathogenic yersiniae, including Y. pestis, share a type III secretion system (T3SS) that is composed of a secretion machinery, a set of translocation proteins, a control system, and six Yop effector proteins incl...

    Authors: Lingjun Zhan, Lei Yang, Lei Zhou, Yingli Li, He Gao, Zhaobiao Guo, Lianfeng Zhang, Chuan Qin, Dongsheng Zhou and Ruifu Yang
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:178
  13. Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common agent of invasive aspergillosis, a feared complication in severely immunocompromised patients. Despite the recent commercialisation of new antifungal drugs, the prognosis ...

    Authors: Marc Pihet, Patrick Vandeputte, Guy Tronchin, Gilles Renier, Patrick Saulnier, Sonia Georgeault, Romain Mallet, Dominique Chabasse, Françoise Symoens and Jean-Philippe Bouchara
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:177
  14. Glucose is the preferred carbon and energy source for Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. A complex regulatory network coordinates gene expression, transport and enzymatic activities, in response to the prese...

    Authors: Carlos Daniel Vázquez, Julio A Freyre-González, Guillermo Gosset, José Antonio Loza and Rosa María Gutiérrez-Ríos
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:176
  15. The incidence of gastric cancer differs among countries in Asia, and it has been suggested that virulence factors associated with Helicobacter pylori are partly responsible. The aim of this study was to investiga...

    Authors: Tomohisa Uchida, Lam Tung Nguyen, Akiko Takayama, Tadayoshi Okimoto, Masaaki Kodama, Kazunari Murakami, Takeshi Matsuhisa, Tuan Dung Trinh, Long Ta, Dang Quy Dung Ho, Hoa Hai Hoang, Tetsuko Kishida, Toshio Fujioka, Masatsugu Moriyama and Yoshio Yamaoka
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:175
  16. Phosphorus deficiency is a major constraint to crop production due to rapid binding of the applied phosphorus into fixed forms not available to the plants. Microbial solubilization of inorganic phosphates has ...

    Authors: Pratibha Vyas and Arvind Gulati
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:174
  17. The fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene produces high levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in axenic cultures and during plant infection. We generated a suppression subtractive hybridization...

    Authors: Véronique Chagué, Rudy Maor and Amir Sharon
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:173
  18. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine contagious pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious respiratory infection in pigs, and all the 15 serotypes are able to cause disease. Current vaccine...

    Authors: Yonghong Liao, Junhua Deng, Anding Zhang, Mingguang Zhou, Yong Hu, Huanchun Chen and Meilin Jin
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:172
  19. Escherichia coli have been found in increased numbers in tissues from patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and adherent-invasive E. coli have been found in resected ileum from patients with Crohn's dise...

    Authors: Andreas M Petersen, Eva M Nielsen, Eva Litrup, Jørn Brynskov, Hengameh Mirsepasi and Karen A Krogfelt
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:171
  20. Pathogens tolerate stress conditions that include low pH, oxidative stress, high salt and high temperature in order to survive inside and outside their hosts. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which forms the outer-le...

    Authors: Verena Karsten, Sean R Murray, Jeremy Pike, Kimberly Troy, Martina Ittensohn, Manvel Kondradzhyan, K Brooks Low and David Bermudes
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:170
  21. Bacteriophages can be successfully applied to treat infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Until now no attempts have been undertaken to treat infections in immunosuppressed patients with phages. ...

    Authors: Michał Zimecki, Jolanta Artym, Maja Kocięba, Beata Weber-Dąbrowska, Jan Borysowski and Andrzej Górski
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:169
  22. It has long been recognized that Klebsiella pneumoniae can grow anaerobically on citrate. Genes responsible for citrate fermentation of K. pneumoniae were known to be located in a 13-kb gene cluster on the chromo...

    Authors: Ying-Tsong Chen, Tsai-Lien Liao, Keh-Ming Wu, Tsai-Ling Lauderdale, Jing-Jou Yan, I-Wen Huang, Min-Chi Lu, Yi-Chyi Lai, Yen-Ming Liu, Hung-Yu Shu, Jin-Town Wang, Ih-Jen Su and Shih-Feng Tsai
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:168
  23. Amino acid substitutions in the target enzyme Erg11p of azole antifungals contribute to clinically-relevant azole resistance in Candida albicans. A simple molecular method for rapid detection of ERG11 gene mutati...

    Authors: Huiping Wang, Fanrong Kong, Tania C Sorrell, Bin Wang, Paul McNicholas, Namfon Pantarat, David Ellis, Meng Xiao, Fred Widmer and Sharon CA Chen
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:167
  24. L-arabitol dehydrogenase (LAD) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) are involved in the degradation of L-arabinose and D-xylose, which are among the most abundant monosaccharides on earth. Previous data demonstrate...

    Authors: Lucy Rutten, Cecile Ribot, Blanca Trejo-Aguilar, Han AB Wösten and Ronald P de Vries
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:166
  25. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus type one (HIV-1) is the major causing pathogen of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). A large number of HIV-1-related studies are based on three non-human model ani...

    Authors: Fan-Kai Lin, Chia-Lin Pan, Jinn-Moon Yang, Trees-Juen Chuang and Feng-Chi Chen
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:164
  26. The salivary mucin MUC7 (previously known as MG2) can adhere to various strains of streptococci that are primary colonizers and predominant microorganisms of the oral cavity. Although there is a growing intere...

    Authors: Mehmet Kesimer, Nedret Kiliç, Ravi Mehrotra, David J Thornton and John K Sheehan
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:163
  27. Clostridium perfringens is a medically important clostridial pathogen causing diseases in man and animals. To invade, multiply and colonize tissues of the host, a pathogen must be able to evade host immune system...

    Authors: Syed Imteyaz Alam, Sunita Bansod, Ravi Bhushan Kumar, Nabonita Sengupta and Lokendra Singh
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:162
  28. During the course of a bacterial infection, the rapid identification of the causative agent(s) is necessary for the determination of effective treatment options. We have developed a method based on a modified ...

    Authors: Anna-Kaarina Järvinen, Sanna Laakso, Pasi Piiparinen, Anne Aittakorpi, Merja Lindfors, Laura Huopaniemi, Heli Piiparinen and Minna Mäki
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:161
  29. Campylobacter jejuni is a gastrointestinal pathogen of humans, but part of the normal flora of poultry, and therefore grows well at the respective body temperatures of 37°C and 42°C. Proteomic studies on temperat...

    Authors: Kimberly M Rathbun, Johanna E Hall and Stuart A Thompson
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:160
  30. Mycobacterium avium includes the subspecies avium, silvaticum, paratuberculosis and hominissuis, and M. avium subspecies has been isolated from various environments all over the world including from biofilms in w...

    Authors: Tone Bjordal Johansen, Angelika Agdestein, Ingrid Olsen, Sigrun Fredsvold Nilsen, Gudmund Holstad and Berit Djønne
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:159
  31. The hemibiotrophic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa is the causal agent of Witches' broom, a disease of Theobroma cacao. The pathogen life cycle ends with the production of basidiocarps in dead tissues of the inf...

    Authors: Acássia BL Pires, Karina P Gramacho, Delmira C Silva, Aristóteles Góes-Neto, Mylene M Silva, Jairo S Muniz-Sobrinho, Ricardo F Porto, Cristiano Villela-Dias, Martin Brendel, Júlio CM Cascardo and Gonçalo AG Pereira
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:158
  32. Streptomyces coelicolor is the most studied Streptomyces species and an excellent model for studying differentiation and antibiotic production. To date, many genes have been identified to be required for its diff...

    Authors: Pengfei Xie, Ana Zeng and Zhongjun Qin
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:157
  33. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a capsulated Gram negative bacterial pathogen and a frequent cause of nosocomial infections. Despite its clinical relevance, little is known about the features of the interaction between

    Authors: Victoria Cano, David Moranta, Enrique Llobet-Brossa, José Antonio Bengoechea and Junkal Garmendia
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:156
  34. With the exception of M. tuberculosis, little has been published on the problems of cross-contamination in bacteriology laboratories. We performed a retrospective analysis of subtyping data from the National Salm...

    Authors: Niall De Lappe, Jean O Connor, Geraldine Doran, Genevieve Devane and Martin Cormican
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:155
  35. Functional screens based on dsRNA-mediated gene silencing identified several Anopheles gambiae genes that limit Plasmodium berghei infection. However, some of the genes identified in these screens have no effect ...

    Authors: Giovanna Jaramillo-Gutierrez, Janneth Rodrigues, Georges Ndikuyeze, Michael Povelones, Alvaro Molina-Cruz and Carolina Barillas-Mury
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:154
  36. Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) colonizes the ovary and oviduct of chickens without causing overt clinical signs which can lead to SE-contamination of the content and membrane of shell-eggs as well a...

    Authors: Katie L Ebers, C Yan Zhang, M Zhenyu Zhang, R Hartford Bailey and Shuping Zhang
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:153
  37. Acquiring a highly stable photonic plasmid in transformed Salmonella Typhimurium for use in biophotonic studies of bacterial tracking in vivo is critical to experimental paradigm development. The objective of thi...

    Authors: Keesla Moulton, Peter Ryan, Donald Lay and Scott Willard
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:152
  38. The development of a new cold-active β-D-galactosidases and microorganisms that efficiently ferment lactose is of high biotechnological interest, particularly for lactose removal in milk and dairy products at ...

    Authors: Piotr Hildebrandt, Marta Wanarska and Józef Kur
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:151
  39. The surface of polymeric tracheotomy tubes is a favourable environment for biofilm formation and therefore represents a potential risk factor for the development of pneumonia after tracheotomy. The aim of this in...

    Authors: Michaela Zumtobel, Ojan Assadian, Matthias Leonhard, Maria Stadler and Berit Schneider
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:150
  40. Methanogenic Archaea play key metabolic roles in anaerobic ecosystems, where they use H2 and other substrates to produce methane. Methanococcus maripaludis is a model for studies of the global response to nutrien...

    Authors: Qiangwei Xia, Tiansong Wang, Erik L Hendrickson, Thomas J Lie, Murray Hackett and John A Leigh
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:149
  41. The Double-Layer Agar (DLA) technique is extensively used in phage research to enumerate and identify phages and to isolate mutants and new phages. Many phages form large and well-defined plaques that are easi...

    Authors: Sílvio B Santos, Carla M Carvalho, Sanna Sillankorva, Ana Nicolau, Eugénio C Ferreira and Joana Azeredo
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:148
  42. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) produce attaching/effacing (A/E) lesions on eukaryotic cells mediated by the outer membrane adhesin intimin. EPEC are sub-grouped into typical (tEPEC) and atypical (aEPEC)...

    Authors: Denise Yamamoto, Rodrigo T Hernandes, Miguel Blanco, Lilo Greune, M Alexander Schmidt, Sylvia M Carneiro, Ghizlane Dahbi, Jesús E Blanco, Azucena Mora, Jorge Blanco and Tânia AT Gomes
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:146

    The Erratum to this article has been published in BMC Microbiology 2009 9:235

  43. Since 1994, Brucella strains have been isolated from a wide range of marine mammals. They are currently recognized as two new Brucella species, B. pinnipedialis for the pinniped isolates and B. ceti for the cetac...

    Authors: Marianne Maquart, Philippe Le Flèche, Geoffrey Foster, Morten Tryland, Françoise Ramisse, Berit Djønne, Sascha Al Dahouk, Isabelle Jacques, Heinrich Neubauer, Karl Walravens, Jacques Godfroid, Axel Cloeckaert and Gilles Vergnaud
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:145
  44. Bovine tuberculosis (BTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, has remained a major source of concern to public health officials in Zambia. Previous investigations have used traditional epidemiological methods that ar...

    Authors: Musso Munyeme, Leen Rigouts, Isdore Chola Shamputa, John Bwalya Muma, Morten Tryland, Eystein Skjerve and Berit Djønne
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:144
  45. Symbiotic N2 fixation in legumes is constrained by many factors, including the paucity of suitable soil rhizobia To maximise growth of legume species therefore often requires the application of effective rhizo...

    Authors: Amy C Spriggs and Felix D Dakora
    Citation: BMC Microbiology 2009 9:142

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