Fig. 5
From: TLR9 mediates S. aureus killing inside osteoblasts via induction of oxidative stress
A schematic representation for the pretreatment of SAOS-2 cells by CpG-ODNs prior to infection with S. aureus. CpG-ODNs were internalized into the endosomal vesicles that contain TLR9. Recognition of CpG-ODNs by TLR9 upregulates the expression of TLR9 which in turn mediates formation of ROS by NADPH oxidase leading to killing the intracellular S. aureus by oxidative stress . Pretreating SAOS-2 cells with Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), a potent NADPH Oxidase inhibitor, restored the intracellular survival of S. aureus