Fig. 5

Generation of ROS by the ionizer and their effects on S. aureus. a S. aureus suspensions were incubated with DCFH-DA for 1 h, washed with PBS, and exposed to the three modes as above and DCF fluorescence intensity was measured. b Formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in S. aureus after exposure to the three modes. c The effect of ion exposure on aconitase activity. Bacteria were exposed to the three modes for 120 min. d Resulting levels of adenylate energy charge [(ATP) + 0.5(ADP)] / [(ATP) + (ADP) + (AMP)]. Each experiment was repeated at least 5 times. Statistically significant differences are shown. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001