Fig 4From: Coaggregation and biofilm growth of Granulicatella spp. with Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Biofilm formation by Granulicatella spp. in the presence or absence of F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans strains. Bacterial strains were cultured separately or together with a partner species in 24-well plates in brucella broth in anaerobic atmosphere for 3 days as described in the methods section. After the incubation period, biofilms were washed gently to remove unattached cells and stained with 2 % crystal violet for quantifying biofilm mass. Abbreviations: Fn F. nucleatum, Ge G elegans, Ga G. adiacens, Aa A. actinomycetemcomitans. The results are means (SD) from 3 independent experiments. *p < 0.05Back to article page