Oral administration of a probiotic Lactobacillus modulates cytokine production and TLR expression improving the immune response against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in mice

Table 2 Effect of L. casei CRL 431 administration on the cytokines released in cultures of immune cells isolated from Peyer's patches of mice untreated, treated and infected with S. Typhimurium

Experimental groups	Cytokine concentration (pg/ml)
	TNFα	IFNγ	IL-10
C	203 ± 32^a	139 ± 83^a	65 ± 13^ac
Lc	257 ± 55^ac	1175 ± 563^bc	187 ± 91^b
S	336 ± 90^bcd	1384 ± 74^c	102 ± 42^ab
Lc-S	328 ± 4^b	148 ± 86^a	102 ± 24^ab
Lc-S-Lc	432 ± 20^d	592 ± 40^b	34 ± 18^c

The concentration of different cytokines were evaluated in supernatant of cultures of cells isolated from Peyer's patches of mice at 2 time points: the day of the infection (basal data) for the untreated control (C) and for mice given L. casei CRL 431 during 7 days (Lc), and 7 days post infection for infection control (S), mice given probiotic 7 days before the infection (Lc-S) and mice given continuously probiotic, before and after infection (Lc-S-Lc). Cytokine concentration in the cell culture supernatants after 24 h of incubation was determined by ELISA. Results are expressed as the means ± SD of the concentrations of each cytokine released into the supernatant (pg/ml). Means for each cytokine without a common letter differ significantly (P < 0.01).

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